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Urdu (اردو) is the national language (قومی زبان), lingua franca and one of two official languages of Pakistan (the other being English). Although only about 8% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is widely spoken and understood as a second language by the vast majority of Pakistanis. Urdu is the sole national, and one of the two official languages of Pakistan (along with English). It is spoken and understood throughout the country, whereas the state-by-state languages (languages spoken throughout various regions) are the provincial languages, although only 7.57% of Pakistanis speak Urdu as their first language.
.Pakistan is home to many dozens of languages spoken as first languages. Five languages have more than 10 million speakers each in –,. Almost all of Pakistan's languages belong to the group of the.Pakistan's national language is, which, along with, is also the official language.The country also has several regional languages, including,. Four of these are –, and.lists 74 languages in Pakistan.
Of these, 66 are indigenous and 8 are non-indigenous. In terms of their vitality, 6 are classified as 'institutional', 18 are 'developing', 39 are 'vigorous', 9 are 'in trouble', and 2 are 'dying'. Other (8.23%)Following are the major languages spoken in Pakistan, by number of people that speak them as their first language. See also:(بنگالی) is not an official language in Pakistan, but a significant number of Pakistani citizens have migrated from and live in West Pakistan or East Pakistan prior to 1971. Bengali was recognised as the second official language of Pakistan on 29 February 1956, and article 214(1) of the constitution of Pakistan was reworded to 'The state language of Pakistan shall be Urdu and Bengali'. Others include illegal immigrants who migrated from Bangladesh after 1971. Most Pakistani Bengalis and, are bilingual speaking both Urdu and Bengali, and are mainly settled in Karachi.Turkic languages (previous colonial and immigrant languages)were used by the ruling such as the and earlier of the subcontinent.
There are small pockets of Turkic speakers found throughout the country, notably in the valleys in the countries northern regions which lie adjacent to, western Pakistani region of principally around where the dwells and in Pakistan's urban centres of,. The autobiography of emperor, was also written in. After returning from exile in in 1555, emperor further introduced and culture in the court and government. The, in which Babur had written his memoirs, disappeared almost entirely from the culture of the courtly elite, and emperor could not speak it. Later in life, Humayun himself is said to have spoken in Persian verse more often than not.A number of speaking refugees, mostly and from and from have settled in. Minor languagesOther languages spoken by linguistic minorities include the languages listed below, with speakers ranging from a few hundred to tens of thousands.
A few are highly that may soon have no speakers at all. /Vagri. /Purik. /Thari.
/Kutchi. /Odki. /Ushoji.Foreign languagesAs of 2017 some Pakistanis are learning Chinese to do business with companies from the People's Republic of China. ClassificationThe Indo-Iranian languages derive from a reconstructed common, called.Indo-IranianMost of the languages of Pakistan belong to the (more commonly known as Indo-Iranic ) branch of the. They are divided between two or three major groups: (the majority, including Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Hindko, and Saraiki, among others), (or Iranic ) (the major ones being Pashto, Balochi, and Khowar, among others) and (the major one being ).
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At times Dardic is considered another branch of Indo-Iranian, but many linguists term Dardic as individual Indo-Aryan languages that do not form any subgrouping within Indo-Aryan. The, considered another individual branch of Indo-Iranian, is spoken by the minority in Afghanistan near the Afghan-Pakistani border, but not known to be spoken indigenously in Pakistan.Some of the important languages in the Indo-Aryan group are. One of these is, and includes Western Punjabi (but not standard ), Northern Hindko, Southern Hindko, Khetrani, Saraiki, and Pahari-Potwari, plus two more languages outside of Pakistan. The other is Marwari, and includes Marwari of Pakistan and several languages of India (Dhundari, Marwari, Merwari, Mewari, and Shekhawati).
A third is, and consists of, in Pakistan and several others in India: Gade Lohar, (Hadothi), and Wagdi.Although Urdu is not a dialect continuum, it is a major dialect of and somewhat differs from, another dialect of Hindustani which is not spoken in Pakistan.There are several dialects continuums in the Iranian group as well:, which includes Eastern, Western and Southern Balochi; and Pashto, and includes Northern, Central, and Southern. OtherThe following three languages of Pakistan are not part of the Indo-European language family:. (spoken in central Balochistan province) is a.
Its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by Balochi. It is an individual language in the Dravidian language family and does not belong to any subgrouping in that language family.
The of (spoken in an area of southern ) is a of the language family. (spoken in Hunza, Nagar, Yasin, and Ishkoman valleys in Gilgit–Baltistan) is a with no indigenous written script and instead currently uses Urdu script, based on the Perso-Arabic script.Writing systems. Arabic manuscript from the Abbasid-eraThe is the. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet, which is itself a derivative of the. With 38 letters, the Urdu alphabet is typically written in the, whereas is more commonly in the style.adopted a variant of the as well, in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Urdu with and eighteen new letters ( ڄ ٺ ٽ ٿ ڀ ٻ ڙ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ڇ ڃ ڦ ڻ ڱ ڳ ڪ) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages.
Some letters that are distinguished in or Persian are in Sindhi.and are written in. The, a variant of the, is used to write the in Pakistan.Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters, omit many elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the. The of has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with Urdu.
Retrieved 23 July 2018. Cite journal requires journal=. Archived from on 25 March 2016. Archived from on 26 September 2009.
Retrieved 2009-09-17. CS1 maint: archived copy as title. Archived from on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Zia Ur Rehman, a journalist and a researcher based in Karachi. July 15–21, 2011. Retrieved 2013-01-05. Dr.
Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org). Retrieved 2007-05-31. The Express Tribune.
Retrieved 2016-01-05.:, 1973, retrieved 28 July 2018.:, p. 25, retrieved 28 July 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2015. Chronicles of Pakistan.
Archived from on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011. Gordon, Raymond G., Jr.
Languages of Pakistan. In Ethnologue Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. Shah Meer Baloch (2017-11-21). Dwyer, Arienne M.
'The texture of tongues: Languages and power in China.' Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 4.1-2 (1998): 68-85. Marian Rengel Pakistan: A Primary Source Cultural Guide page 38, 011.
Mukhtar Ahmed Ancient Pakistan - an Archaeological History pages 6-7, 439. Yagmur, Kutlay. 'Languages in Turkey.' MULTILINGUAL MATTERS (2001): 407-428. Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World (page 283). Retrieved on 2011-01-14. Retrieved on 2011-01-14.
Retrieved on 2011-01-14. Retrieved on 2011-01-14. Retrieved on 2011-01-14. Retrieved on 2011-01-14Bibliography.
Rahman, Tariq (1996) Language and Politics of Pakistan Karachi: Oxford University Press. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2007. Rahman, Tariq (2002) Language, Ideology and Power: Language-learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India Karachi: Oxford University Press. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2008.
Rahman, Tariq (2011) From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History Karachi: Oxford University Press.External links. at Muturzikin.com.
at Ethnologue.
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Media in category 'Languages of Pakistan'
The following 21 files are in this category, out of 21 total.
- Asan Nain Nabi Pak Hor.jpg554 × 960; 52 KB
- Balti example.png722 × 715; 15 KB
- Balti language speaking areas.png725 × 535; 19 KB
- Baluchistan language map.png686 × 603; 204 KB
- Burshaski-lang.png840 × 552; 10 KB
- Burushaski language.png840 × 552; 10 KB
- Kashmiri John 3 verse 16.jpg512 × 234; 26 KB
- Khowar in romanized writing system by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali.jpg477 × 110; 14 KB
- Khowar Wikipedia Logo.png1,058 × 1,296; 608 KB
- Languages of Pakistan.jpg588 × 554; 54 KB
- Mansehra Language.gif240 × 334; 12 KB
- Native languages in Pakistan.jpg778 × 548; 39 KB
- NWFP Languages Map.gif925 × 1,075; 161 KB
- Pakistan Punjabi Dialects.PNG1,362 × 1,312; 152 KB
- Pakistani First Language (Chinese).png1,421 × 1,095; 122 KB
- Pakistani First Language.png1,391 × 1,140; 125 KB
- Pakistani languages map.jpg1,734 × 1,392; 393 KB
- Pakistani Languages.jpg926 × 774; 164 KB
- Parkari Koli John 3 vs 16.jpg782 × 153; 28 KB
- Punjabi language map.gif800 × 989; 155 KB
- Shina language.png840 × 552; 13 KB
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